chung2014: Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling

\( \newcommand{\states}{\mathcal{S}} \newcommand{\actions}{\mathcal{A}} \newcommand{\observations}{\mathcal{O}} \newcommand{\rewards}{\mathcal{R}} \newcommand{\traces}{\mathbf{e}} \newcommand{\transition}{P} \newcommand{\reals}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\naturals}{\mathbb{N}} \newcommand{\complexs}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\field}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\numfield}{\mathbb{F}} \newcommand{\expected}{\mathbb{E}} \newcommand{\var}{\mathbb{V}} \newcommand{\by}{\times} \newcommand{\partialderiv}[2]{\frac{\partial #1}{\partial #2}} \newcommand{\defineq}{\stackrel{{\tiny\mbox{def}}}{=}} \newcommand{\defeq}{\stackrel{{\tiny\mbox{def}}}{=}} \newcommand{\eye}{\Imat} \newcommand{\hadamard}{\odot} \newcommand{\trans}{\top} \newcommand{\inv}{{-1}} \newcommand{\argmax}{\operatorname{argmax}} \newcommand{\Prob}{\mathbb{P}} \newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf{a}} \newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf{b}} \newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf{c}} \newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf{d}} \newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf{e}} \newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf{f}} \newcommand{\gvec}{\mathbf{g}} \newcommand{\hvec}{\mathbf{h}} \newcommand{\ivec}{\mathbf{i}} \newcommand{\jvec}{\mathbf{j}} \newcommand{\kvec}{\mathbf{k}} \newcommand{\lvec}{\mathbf{l}} \newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf{m}} \newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf{n}} \newcommand{\ovec}{\mathbf{o}} \newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf{p}} \newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf{q}} \newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf{r}} \newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf{s}} \newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf{t}} \newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf{u}} \newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf{v}} \newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf{w}} \newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf{x}} \newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf{y}} \newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf{z}} \newcommand{\Amat}{\mathbf{A}} \newcommand{\Bmat}{\mathbf{B}} \newcommand{\Cmat}{\mathbf{C}} \newcommand{\Dmat}{\mathbf{D}} \newcommand{\Emat}{\mathbf{E}} \newcommand{\Fmat}{\mathbf{F}} \newcommand{\Gmat}{\mathbf{G}} \newcommand{\Hmat}{\mathbf{H}} \newcommand{\Imat}{\mathbf{I}} \newcommand{\Jmat}{\mathbf{J}} \newcommand{\Kmat}{\mathbf{K}} \newcommand{\Lmat}{\mathbf{L}} \newcommand{\Mmat}{\mathbf{M}} \newcommand{\Nmat}{\mathbf{N}} \newcommand{\Omat}{\mathbf{O}} \newcommand{\Pmat}{\mathbf{P}} \newcommand{\Qmat}{\mathbf{Q}} \newcommand{\Rmat}{\mathbf{R}} \newcommand{\Smat}{\mathbf{S}} \newcommand{\Tmat}{\mathbf{T}} \newcommand{\Umat}{\mathbf{U}} \newcommand{\Vmat}{\mathbf{V}} \newcommand{\Wmat}{\mathbf{W}} \newcommand{\Xmat}{\mathbf{X}} \newcommand{\Ymat}{\mathbf{Y}} \newcommand{\Zmat}{\mathbf{Z}} \newcommand{\Sigmamat}{\boldsymbol{\Sigma}} \newcommand{\identity}{\Imat} \newcommand{\thetavec}{\boldsymbol{\theta}} \newcommand{\phivec}{\boldsymbol{\phi}} \newcommand{\muvec}{\boldsymbol{\mu}} \newcommand{\sigmavec}{\boldsymbol{\sigma}} \newcommand{\jacobian}{\mathbf{J}} \newcommand{\ind}{\perp!!!!\perp} \newcommand{\bigoh}{\text{O}} \)

tags

Recurrent Neural Network, Machine Learning

source

Paper

authors

Chung, J., Gulcehre, C., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y.

year

2014

This paper does an empirical evaluation of several recurrent gates including LSTMs (Hochreiter and Urgen Schmidhuber 1997), GRU (Cho et al. 2014), and Vanilla RNNs. The paper also provides descriptions for the different cells tested and a nice high level description of the generative model employed by RNNs.

Results

• They find that GRUs are competitive to LSTMs on the tasks they tested (i.e. Music Datasets and Ubisoft Datasets).
• GRUs Needed less Wall time as well to learn adequately, and were competitive in terms of number of epochs (as compared w/ the LSTMs they are much better in walltime).